Unit 28 P1, M1, D1

What is the internet? Simply the internet is a wire that runs through the ground, connected to our fiber optics, satellites and mobile phones. The internet has servers that are directly connected to it, these servers contain web pages within their hard drives, and each different server comes with its own unique IP Internet protocol address. Computers use this address to help find one another, though we are more formerly with Google.com and Facebook.com and Youtube.com. So this is how it works, our laptops computers, phones, etc are not connected directly to the internet; something that is indirectly connected to the internet is a client, not a server. The only way that we are able to access the internet is by using an Internet Service Provider.

Internet service provider

Internet service providers or an ‘ISP’ is an organization like BT, Sky or Virgin that provides you access to the Internet, You’re connected to the provider by your home hub and the company will check if you’re able to access the internet. Though there are multiple forms of ISP’s that provide certain actions, such as 'Access, Hosting and Transit ISP’s'.

Access ISP’s allowing clients to gain a direct connection the Internet; this is done by either fibre optic connections or can be done wirelessly.

• Hosting ISP’s will lease out sever space to smaller companies.
• Transit ISP’s grant larger bandwidth for the connection of the Hosting and Access ISP’s
• There is other such as Free, Virtual and Mailbox providers.

The provider can be organized into either commercial, non-profit, community and privately owned.

The World Wide Web

We commonly recognize this system of it's an abbreviated form (WWW). It’s a system of interlinked hypertext documents that can only be accessed from the internet. This allows for the viewing of web pages that contain text, images and multimedia, we navigate through them via hyperlinks.

Domain Name

Domain names are a series of identification strings that defines a realm to be administrative, autonomy, authority or control for the internet. Domain names are moulded by a set of rules and procedures of the DNS (Domain Name System). Every name that is registered in the DNS is a domain name.

Domain Structure

The way the domain name space is structured is represented by a tree. Each leaf so to speak can contain multiple resource records or none what so ever, the information their hold is associated with a domain name. Where the tree sub divides we get zones, the lowest zone is the the root zone. DNS zone can only have one single domain or many sub domains. The image below helps illustrate this.

Web hosting service

Individuals or entire companies need the web hosting service (a type of internet hosting service); this service allows websites to become accessible from the World Wide Web. There are companies that are web hosts that provide server space that clients can either own or lease out for their usage.

Browsers

A browser is a software application designed for the users to navigate through the World Wide Web, such examples Internet Explorer, Google Chrome and Safari. These browsers identify web pages, images, video, etc by a URI, which can be accessed by the user for viewing of data.

Email

Email stands for electronic mail, which is a method of exchanging mail digitally across the internet to either a single or multiple people.

Routers

Routers are basically handling all the traffic directing functions that happen throughout the internet. The most common and recognized routers are found in our very own homes known as a home router or home hub. These home hub's are connect to the internet via your ISP, and have a simple function of passing data i.e. a web page from the internet to your home computer. A more sophisticated routers help connect businesses and large ISP networks to the internet. They're connect to a core router can forward data at high speeds.

Proxy servers

They are a type of server that acts as an intermediary for clients that are looking for data on another server. Proxy servers differ in type and in function, i.e. keeping the machines that run the server anonymous, this is for security purposes, to speed up access to a particular resource or even gain the user access to sites that have been filtered by your ISP.

Web 2.0

Coined at O'Reilly media conference, they described that the World Wide Web has evolved from static electronic brochures into an interactive online software services, in short Web 2.0 is an interactive web. Web 2.0 has allowed users interact and communicate with one another, instead of the limitations of staring at the screen with a set content, we're now equip with social networking, wikis, blogs, video, web applications, etc all allowing for interactivity and user generated content.

Blogs

Blogs are a discussion/informational sites that are on the World Wide Web. These sites allow for users to 'post' articles of either an educational or personal purpose, i.e. what you are reading right now is on blog site. Until 2009 blogs were more like the work of an individual, or in rare cases small groups, and were usually consisted of one subject. Since then blogs have been developed so that a large number of people working on posts, we've come to terms with calling them 'multi-author blog'.

Online Applications

They are applications that are accessed by users over the internet or an intranet. It can also mean that the computer software application is coded in a browser-supported programming language i.e. JavaScript, and a common web browser to render the application functional.

Cloud computing

The use of computing resources of both hardware and software, it's a service that's delivered over the internet. Cloud computing gets its name from the use of a cloud-shaped diagram, this is a simple illustration of the complex infrastructure it has. The purpose of cloud computing is to entrust remote services with the data of users, software and computation.

Transport and Addressing protocol

In short and vague terms Addressing is how computer manage to locate each other and transporting is how computers information between each other. Any network device contains a coded MAC address and set IP address, these addresses along with ARP (address resolution protocol) is how computer can identify one another over the internet. TCP (transmission control protocol) is the backbone of the internet; it is how data is delivered form server to host. HTTPS (hypertext transfer protocol secure) is communications protocol that provides secure communication over a computer network. It's not exactly a protocol, it simply layers the HTTP on top of SSL protocol, this adds to your security capabilities. The HTTP is different from the HTTPS because it's based on the movement of information between client and server. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is the transmission of electronic mail across the internet protocols.Both electronic mail servers and mail transfer agents use this protocol to simply send and receive message, though user level client mail applications will use SMTP for relaying by only sending messages to a mail server.